Prezi
http://prezi.com/ersdnjrxjao1/the-austrian-empire/
Sunday, May 13, 2012
Wednesday, May 2, 2012
Question 3 & Question 4
The Austrian Empire was affected by the revolutions of 1848 in many ways. Metternich led the Austrian Empire; he was the paragon (model) of reactionary politics. There were various ethnic groups in Austria had become increasingly nationalist over the previous decades, and by now they all desired to gain independence. Metternich had worked for years to hold the Austrian Empire together, but now, in the wake of the French February Revolution, the ethnic groups violently opposed assimilation. In March 1848, an essential Hungarian Magyar group led by Louis Kossuth began a vocal independence movement. Kossuth’s fiery speeches were printed in Vienna; they started a sensation, and soon a rebellion. The revolutions throughout Europe had become fearful. Metternich decided to flee, and quickly sneak out of Vienna. In June 1848, the revolutions in Austria began to end. After all, it was a non-industrialized country that did not have a well-developed middle class. Their revolution, largely led by intellectuals and students, could not marshal the same as in Western Europe. After the 1848 revolutions, Austria became an even more oppressive state. While the other European countries were generally moved towards change by the revolutions of 1848. Austria's Reactionary state, even with the fall of Metternich, became even more careful and oppressive.
Question 4:
The key actors in my country were the nationalists in Europe. Since they are the most progressive, Europe started to cooperate instead of trying to beat other countries. The nationalists made a huge change by doing this. WIthout the nationalists in Europe it would have been complete chaos.
The country was unified because the revolutions was over with, peace was made, governments were trying to progress. There was no opposition since there wasn't anything to compete against they stopped trying to defeat them, and started to cooperate.
The long term consequences of this unification is if the governments could start disagreeing with each other. If this happens people would want knew laws, and cause war.
Question 4:
The map of Europe took on a separate look later on right after 1848. The portion of time of revolutions was done with and, from that moment on, most of the progressive and the nationalists in Europe started to cooperating with their governments other than trying to defeat them. In turn, several governments found that by agreeing to specific liberal reforms, and following the demands of the nationalists to their own needs, they could be able make their states stronger, not weaker, like they feared perviously. |
The key actors in my country were the nationalists in Europe. Since they are the most progressive, Europe started to cooperate instead of trying to beat other countries. The nationalists made a huge change by doing this. WIthout the nationalists in Europe it would have been complete chaos.
The country was unified because the revolutions was over with, peace was made, governments were trying to progress. There was no opposition since there wasn't anything to compete against they stopped trying to defeat them, and started to cooperate.
The long term consequences of this unification is if the governments could start disagreeing with each other. If this happens people would want knew laws, and cause war.
Monday, February 13, 2012
Was Louis XIV an Absolute Monarch?
Absolute monarch is when the ruler has absolute and complete power over state and government. He has power to pass laws without consent (permission). Louis XIV is a perfect example of an absolute monarch. He was born on the fifth of September 1638. He became king at the age of four in 1643 after the death of his father Louis XIII. At the age of 23, Louis XIV became his own chief minister and ruled personally until his death in 1715. Louis inherited the most powerful country in Europe and expanded his power throughout his life. He was known as the “Sun King” because of his magnificence of his court at Versailles. Louis XIV believed himself to be an absolute ruler. His authority was inherited and derived from God. This essay will show and prove how Louis XIV is an absolute monarch.
The long reign of Louis XIV (1643-1715) marked him as an absolute monarch at its top and highest in France. Louis was the longest reigning king in European history, and he ruled for about 72 years. He was an example of absolutism throughout the second half of the 17th century. Louis believed that his power (authority) came from God and that no one should complain and question it. That was called the “divine right”. As an elected leader, Louis wouldn’t have ruled for so long.
Louis had complete control over decision-making. He said, “I order you not to sign anything not even a passport without my command”. That shows that he has control over everything in Paris, even the small things. That also means that he is the only ruler and decision-maker. The decision-making power in France was under the monarch control, which is Louis.
A very important reason that shows how Louis was an absolute monarch is that he did not share power. He said “L’etat c’est moi” in French, and that means, “ I am the state”. It also shows his only power. He creates new powers, and he ignores the originally noblemen. One of the people that were imprisoned was Nicolas Fouquet because he became rich and powerful. He ignored and imprisoned the noble men because he did not want to give anyone a chance to take or steal the power from him. He said, that he had no intension of sharing his authority (power). He just wanted to be the only ruler in France and he wanted to have all power and decisions.
Louis also wanted to centralize his power. He centralized his power by creating bureaucracy. Bureaucracy means the organization of an instruction. Louis also created industry. Louis worked successfully to create an absolutist and centralize his state. By centralizing his power it was easy for him to control his monarchy. It was also easy for him to know everything that happens in the monarchy.
Louis removed limits to legislative powers and that means that he was too harsh in his monarchy. That also means that he removed the estates general (Parliament). So Louis no longer takes their opinion or asks them to make laws, he is the only ruler. That means that he wants to rule alone France without government, nobles, or ranks. He just wanted to be the only ruler, wealthy man with all power, but that was so hard for people to live.
Louis XIV wanted glorify to his monarchy, so he built wonderful arches and statues. He also created one of the largest palaces in Europe. As a king no much coasts for his glory. He had 40,000 people working in building his palace. That shows his complete control over people, authority, and ability of his power and wealth too. Louis wanted to make France center of culture and power.
The wars also brought a lot of power, control, and land. Louis fought continental wars. He fought with the Dutch and broke the Dutch trade. By the Peace of Nijmegen (1678-79) he gained more territory in Flanders. It made Louis and his monarchy have more power and wealth (land). The stronger the monarchy is, the greater and powerful the leader is.
The personality of Louis XIV was a very important thing that shows him as an absolute monarch. No project was too hard for him; he transported trees from other parts of France, because they did not grow in the area he wanted. He was selfish, and he wanted all attention to be on him (famous). He presents himself by art, and he can do anything he wants. His paintings represented him as a hero and a powerful man. He likes to display his power through parties, palaces, and he show off his women. 40 thousand people worked to build his palace. He was the gravity and mass of the palace. All that shows his power and wealth.
In conclusion and as a result, Louis XIV is a very good example of an absolute monarch. He was a strong ruler with an absolute and complete power. He was the only ruler by not sharing his power. He was the only controller and decision maker and no one can do anything without his permission. He won many wars and he had a lot of wealth. He was able to do and built anything, he want. He built amazing palaces, still remembered till today. So all these evidences and explanations shows how Louis XIV was an absolute monarch.
Saturday, December 10, 2011
Essay: How did religion and culture influence the Ottoman Empire?
The Ottoman Turks were the Turkish - speaking population of the Ottoman Empire who formed the base of the state's military and ruling classes. The Ottomans or the "Osmans" had their name from the first sultan Osman Bay. The Ottoman Empire was one of the largest and longest lasting empires in history. It was one of the most powerful states in the world. It was an empire inspired and conquered by Islam. In the 16th and 17th centuries, it controlled territory in southeast Europe, western Asia, and North Africa. The Ottoman Empire contained 29 provinces and numerous vassal states. The Ottomans blocked all land routes to Europe by conquering the city of Constantinople, the capital city of the Byzantine Empire. So the Europeans had to find other ways to trade with Eastern countries. The Ottoman Empire lasted from 27 July 1299 to 29 October 1923, and it spanned more than 600 years.
There were many things that changed and affected the Ottoman Empire in many ways. Some of the things that influenced the Ottoman Empire were the religion, culture, their social classes, architecture and art, carpet-weaving and textile art, and economy. The Turks of the Ottoman Empire were Muslims, but they did not force their religions on others. Christians and Jews were allowed to practice their own religion. There were social classes that divide people into a number of castes or classes. There was a strong influence from the customs, architecture (art) and languages of Islamic societies. The Ottomans adopted their cultures from the lands and people they conquered. The Ottomans were famous from their architecture and art. They built many famous buildings and mosques. They were also famous from their carpet-weaving and textile arts. The Ottoman Empire was influenced by many things.
Religion was influenced in the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Turkish rule was Ottoman toleration of different religious beliefs. The Turks of the Ottoman Empire were Muslims; they did not force their religions on others. The people who they had conquered practiced a wide variety of religious beliefs, including Christianity, Judaism, and other religions. To keep peace, The Ottoman Turks allowed their subjects to practice their religion freely. Non-Muslim (Christians and Jews) had to pay a special tax, the Cizye, in return for protection and military service. The Ottoman tolerance had a success because it had large Christian and Jewish communities that existed in the Ottoman lands until the end of the empire.
In the Ottoman Empire, they had social classes (society). The Ottomans ruled large areas that included many different people and religions. People were divided into a number of castes or classes. People were divided into classes based on their importance within the empire. The empire was consisted of four social classes. First, were the men of the pen, who were the scientists, tax collectors, artisans, poets, and teachers. Second, were the men of the sword, who were the bodyguards, and the soldiers. Third, were the men of negotiation (husbandry), who were the merchants, lawyers, and judges. Forth, were the men of the fields, who were the pig herders, and farmers. The top and important two classes in the Islamic world were the men of the pen and men of the sword. The men of the pen were important because they educate people and their knowledge that will help the empire. The men of the sword were important too because they protect the empire (land) and fight in wars. Then the Ottoman Empire developed three organization systems: the Timar, Devshirme and the Millet systems.
The culture of the Ottoman Empire evolved over several centuries. There was a strong influence from the customs, architecture (art) and languages of Islamic societies in the Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans adopted and modified the cultures of conquered lands and their peoples. They learned and took knowledge from the people they conquered; sometimes they adopt their culture as language, food, and clothing. Life in the Ottoman Empire was mixture of western and eastern life. The capital of the Ottoman Empire, Constantinople also had a unique culture mainly because it lay on two continents.
The Architecture was part of the ottoman's culture. The Ottomans were famous with their art and architecture. The Ottoman architecture is the architecture of the Ottoman Empire which emerged in Bursa and Edirne in the 14th and 15th centuries. The architecture of the Empire developed from the earlier Seljuk architecture and was influenced by the Byzantine architecture, Iranian, as well as Islamic Mamluk traditions after the Ottomans conquered Constantinople. They did many great developments in the large public buildings, such as mosques. They built many famous buildings and mosques in the 16th and 17th centuries such as Selimiye Mosque in Edrine and The Suleiman Mosque in Constantinople.
The carpet-weaving and textile arts were also part of the ottoman's culture. The art of the carpet weaving was very important in the Ottoman Empire. Carpets have a great importance both as decorative furniture, rich in religious and other symbolism. The weaving of such carpets originated in the nomadic cultures of central Asia, and they were eventually spread to the settled societies of Anatolia. Turks used carpets and rugs not just on floors of a room, but also as a hanging on walls and doorways, where they provided additional insulation. They were also commonly donated to mosques.
The economy was influenced in the Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans saw military expansion, trade and taxes as the main source of wealth. Economy was more important than manufacture and commerce. Millet system helped increase the economy of the Ottoman Empire. The Millet system was a religious community of non-Muslim. Non- Muslims were able to put rules based on their religion. Non-Muslim (Millet) had to pay a special poll tax (Cizye) in return for military service and protection. This taxes helped increase the economy of the Ottoman Empire, and did not cause any religious fights in controlling land. Economy was also influenced by trade. By trading variety of goods also helped increase the economy in the Ottoman Empire.
In the conclusion, religion and culture influenced the Ottoman Empire in many ways. Religion was very important in the Ottoman Empire which was Islam; Islamic religion as a unifying force that accepted other religions. Culture was adopted from the people the conquered. They have many types of culture. The Ottoman Empire was one of the most powerful and longest empires in history.
Bibliography:
1. The American Forum for Global Education. "Turkish Toleration." Accessed November 25, 2011.
http://www.globaled.org/nyworld/materials/ottoman/turkish.html.
http://www.globaled.org/nyworld/materials/ottoman/turkish.html.
3. The American Forum for Global Education. " Who Are The Turks?". Accessed November 26, 2011.
4. BBC. “Ottoman Empire (1301-1922)”. Accessed November 29, 2011.
6. Book
Quataert, Donald. The Ottoman Empire, 1700-1922. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000
Wednesday, November 30, 2011
Bibliography
1. The American Forum for Global Education. "Turkish Toleration." Accessed November 25, 2011.
http://www.globaled.org/nyworld/materials/ottoman/turkish.html.
http://www.globaled.org/nyworld/materials/ottoman/turkish.html.
3. The American Forum for Global Education. " Who Are The Turks?". Accessed November 26, 2011.
4. KidsKnowItNetwork. " Life In The Ottoman Empire". Accessed November 26, 2011.
5. Book
Quataert, Donald. The Ottoman Empire, 1700-1922. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000
Saturday, November 26, 2011
Introduction: How did religion and culture influence the Ottoman Empire?
The Ottoman Turks were the Turkish - speaking population of the Ottoman Empire who formed the base of the state's military and ruling classes. The Ottoman Empire was one of the largest and longest lasting empires in history. It was one of the most powerful states in the world. It was an empire inspired and conquered by Islam. In the 16th and 17th centuries, It controlled territory in southeast Europe, western Asia, and North Africa. The Ottoman Empire contained 29 provinces and numerous vassal states. The Ottomans blocked all land routes to Europe by conquering the city of Constantinople, the capital city of the Byzantine Empire. So the Europeans had to find other ways to trade with Eastern countries. The Ottoman Empire lasted from 27 July 1299 to 29 October 1923, and it spanned more than 600 years.
There were things that changed and effected the Ottoman Empire in many ways. Some of the things that influenced the Ottoman Empire were the religion, culture, their social classes, architecture and art, carpet-weaving and textile art, and economy. The Turks of the Ottoman Empire were Muslims, but they did not force their religions on others. Christians and Jews were allowed to practice their own religion. There were social classes that divide people into a number of castes or classes. There was a strong influence from the customs, architecture (art) and languages of Islamic societies. The Ottomans adopted their cultures from the lands and people they conquered. The Ottomans were famous from their architecture and art. They built many famous buildings and mosques. They were also famous from their carpet-weaving and textile arts. The Ottoman Empire was influenced by many things.
There were things that changed and effected the Ottoman Empire in many ways. Some of the things that influenced the Ottoman Empire were the religion, culture, their social classes, architecture and art, carpet-weaving and textile art, and economy. The Turks of the Ottoman Empire were Muslims, but they did not force their religions on others. Christians and Jews were allowed to practice their own religion. There were social classes that divide people into a number of castes or classes. There was a strong influence from the customs, architecture (art) and languages of Islamic societies. The Ottomans adopted their cultures from the lands and people they conquered. The Ottomans were famous from their architecture and art. They built many famous buildings and mosques. They were also famous from their carpet-weaving and textile arts. The Ottoman Empire was influenced by many things.
Sunday, November 20, 2011
Outline: How did religion and culture influence the Ottoman Empire?
Introduction: The background of the Ottoman Empire. – Brief overview of how religion and culture effected and changed the Ottoman Empire.
Paragraph 1: What was their religion about? Point: The Ottoman Turks practiced Islam. Evidence: The people who they had conquered practiced a wide variety of religious beliefs, including Christianity, Judaism, and other religions. Explanation: To keep peace, the Ottoman Turks allowed their subjects to worship in whatever manner they choose.
Paragraph 2: What was their social classes (society)? Point: people were divided into a number of castes or classes. Evidence: People were divided into classes based on their importance within the Empire. Explanation: The highest class was made up of the Sultan, and his family and other top government officials. Below this class were the nobles, and the lowest and largest class were the peasants and farmers.
Paragraph 3: What was their culture? Point: There was a strong influence from the customs, architecture (art) and languages of Islamic societies. Evidence: The ottomans adapted and modified the cultures of conquered lands and their peoples. Explanation: They learned and took knowledge from the people they conquered; sometimes they adopt their culture as language, food, and clothing.
Paragraph 4: Architecture and art. Point: Ottoman architecture was a made and created of Iranian influenced Seljuk architectural traditions. Evidence: Buildings of Konya, Mamluk architecture. Explanation: Also the Byzantine architecture; it reached its greatest development in the large public buildings, such as mosques.
Paragraph 5: Carpet-weaving and textile arts.
Point: The art of carpet weaving was very important in the Ottoman Empire. Evidence: Carpets have a great importance both as decorative furniture, rich in religious and other symbolism. Explanation: Turks used carpets and rugs not just on the floors of a room, but also as a hanging on walls and doorways, where they provided additional insulation. They were also commonly donated to mosques.
Paragraph 6: What was the economy? Point: The Ottomans saw military expansion and taxes as the main source of wealth, with agriculture. Evidence: Economy was more important than manufacture and commerce. Explanation: Western merchants gave more emphasis to manufacture and industry in the wealth-power-wealth equation, moving towards capitalist economics comprising expanding industries and markets whereas the Ottomans continued land holding and agriculture.
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